GRE argument essay vocab

Plan your essay:

• There is only one way to write an essay: to plan it.  
• The plan helps to keep you focused.
• Leave the gist or your main message for the crunch, that is the third body paragraph. 
• K.I.S.S. - Keep It Simple Stupid
  

Questions:

• Who conducted the research?
• When was the research conducted?
• Who participated in the study?
• What were the age, gender, profession of the participants?
• What are the relations between the two or more groups?
• Was it an economic or medical study?
• What was the type of the study?
• Where do the participants of the study live?
• Was the research published?
• Was the paper peer-reviewed?
• Is the paper still valid?

Typical paragraph:

1. Describe the fallacy (błędne przekonanie). 
1. Appeal to novelty fallacy - a proposal is claimed to be superior or better solely because it is new or modern
2. Cherry picking fallacy or the sampling assumption (suppressed evidence, incomplete evidence) – act of pointing at individual cases or data that seem to confirm a particular position, while ignoring a significant portion of related cases or data that may contradict that position. The argument assumes the sample is representative.
3. False analogy fallacy - in which the analogy is poorly suited.
4. Hasty generalization fallacy - (fallacy of insufficient statistics, fallacy of insufficient sample, fallacy of the lonely fact, leaping to a conclusion, hasty induction) – basing a broad conclusion on a small sample.
5.  
2. Tell and explain why it is a fallacy.
3. Give examples.

Intorduction:

• However, this argument seems specious on several grounds.

Reasoning:

• The argument does not present enough evidence in support of the claim that ...
• ... is inversely related to ...
• ... is positively related to ...
• Allegedly, ... (przypuszczalnie: Allegedly, the number of skateboarders is positively related to the amount of litter and vandalism in the area.)
• The argument states that there is a causal relationship between ...
• A recent study shows that ...
• It might indeed be the case that ...
• However, the conclusion cannot be drawn automatically from the presented facts. 
• The argument overlooks other factors that could contribute to ...
• Firstly, in order to determine the true cause of the decline in ....  it is necessary to ...
• It is by no means certain that ...
• The writer posits that ... but ...
• As a result, ...
• As a matter of fact, ...
• In fact, ...
• The argument should be supported with further studies.
• In general, ...; On the whole, ...
• That being said, ...
• The author has concluded the argument too hastily without considering all these possibilities. 
• The second point that the author has raised is that ...
• Hence, the argument seems very unconvincing.
• Hence, the argument cannot be concluded without all the information.
• ..., that is (to say), ... - said when you want to give further details or be more exact about something: I'll meet you in the city, that is (to say), I will if the trains are running 
   

Common words & synonyms:

• and: along with, together with, as well as,
• However, ...; On the other hand, ...; 
• Moreover, Furthermore, In addition, Besides, 
• instead of == in lieu of
• flawed agruments - błędne argumenty
• fallacy - błędne rozumowanie
• cogent - przekonujący

Summary:

• In conclusion, ...
• All in all, ...
• In summary, ... 
• Hence, ...